Re: [PATCH 0/4] Expose the isa-string via the AT_BASE_PLATFORM aux vector

[Shengyu Qu]

> On Fri, 28 Apr 2023 11:59:31 PDT (-0700), philipp.tomsich@xxxxxxxx wrote:
> > On Fri, 28 Apr 2023 at 20:48, Christoph Müllner
> > <christoph.muellner@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > On Fri, Apr 28, 2023 at 4:57 PM Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@xxxxxxxxxxx> 
> > > wrote:
> > > >
> > > > On Mon, 24 Apr 2023 12:49:07 PDT (-0700), heiko@xxxxxxxxx wrote:
> > > > > From: Heiko Stuebner <heiko.stuebner@xxxxxxxx>
> > > > >
> > > > > The hwprobing infrastructure was merged recently [0] and contains a
> > > > > mechanism to probe both extensions but also microarchitecural 
> > > features
> > > > > on a per-core level of detail.
> > > > >
> > > > > While discussing the solution internally we identified some 
> > > possible issues,
> > > > > tried to understand the underlying issue and come up with a 
> > > solution for it.
> > > > > All these deliberations overlapped with hwprobing being merged, 
> > > but that
> > > > > shouldn't really be an issue, as both have their usability - see 
> > > below.
> > > > >
> > > > > Also please see the "Things to consider" at the bottom!
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Possible issues:
> > > > > - very much limited to Linux
> > > > > - schedulers run processes on all cores by default, so will need
> > > > >   the common set of extensions in most cases
> > > > > - each new extensions requires an uapi change, requiring at least
> > > > >   two pieces of software to be changed
> > > > > - adding another extension requires a review process (only known
> > > > >   extensions can be exposed to user-space)
> > > > > - vendor extensions have special needs and therefore possibly
> > > > >   don’t fit well
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Limited to Linux:
> > > > > -----------------
> > > > >
> > > > > The syscall and its uapi is Linux-specific and other OSes probably
> > > > > will not defer to our review process and requirements just to get
> > > > > new bits in. Instead most likely they'll build their own systems,
> > > > > leading to fragmentation.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Feature on all cores:
> > > > > ---------------------
> > > > >
> > > > > Arnd previously ([1]) commented in the discussion, that there
> > > > > should not be a need for optimization towards hardware with an
> > > > > asymmetric set of features. We believe so as well, especially
> > > > > when talking about an interface that helps processes to identify
> > > > > the optimized routines they can execute.
> > > > >
> > > > > Of course seeing it with this finality might not take into account
> > > > > the somewhat special nature of RISC-V, but nevertheless it 
> > > describes
> > > > > the common case for programs very well.
> > > > >
> > > > > For starters the scheduler in its default behaviour, will try to 
> > > use any
> > > > > available core, so the standard program behaviour will always 
> > > need the
> > > > > intersection of available extensions over all cores.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Limiting program execution to specific cores will likely always 
> > > be a
> > > > > special use case and already requires Linux-specific syscalls to
> > > > > select the set of cores.
> > > > >
> > > > > So while it can come in handy to get per-core information down 
> > > the road
> > > > > via the hwprobing interface, most programs will just want to 
> > > know if
> > > > > they can use a extension on just any core.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Review process:
> > > > > ---------------
> > > > >
> > > > > There are so many (multi-letter-)extensions already with even 
> > > more in
> > > > > the pipeline. To expose all of them, each will require a review 
> > > process
> > > > > and uapi change that will make defining all of them slow as the
> > > > > kernel needs patching after which userspace needs to sync in the 
> > > new
> > > > > api header.
> > > >
> > > > The whole reason we're doing hwprobe with bitmaps is beacuse the ISA
> > > > strings are not a stable interface, and thus are not suitable for
> > > > building uABI around.
> > >
> > > The ISA string is the main description of the RISC-V ISA that a
> > > system/core/hart implements. It is suitable and stable enough for 
> > > all toolchain
> > > components (-march string, ELF header, etc.).
> > > It is also used in the DTB that the kernel uses to identify available
> > > extensions.
> > > So it is reasonable to argue that it is good enough for all runtime 
> > > components.
> > > Also, I don't see any evidence that users are affected by any 
> > > stability issues
> > > of the ISA strings in the interfaces where it is used at the moment.
> > > Quite the opposite, users are expecting ISA string interfaces 
> > > everywhere
> > > because of existing interfaces.
> > >
> > > Besides that, also the kernel stable ABI documentation allows changes:
> > >   "Userspace programs are free to use these
> > >   interfaces with no restrictions, and backward compatibility for
> > >   them will be guaranteed for at least 2 years." [1]
> > > I did not come across any issues in the RISC-V ISA string that would 
> > > violate
> > > these requirements. Did you? Further, the vDSO is covered by the 
> > > stable ABI
> > > requirements, but not the auxiliary vector. This does not imply that 
> > > an ISA
> > > string interface in the aux vector does not have to be stable at 
> > > all, but there
> > > is certainly enough room for any ISA extension errata that may pop 
> > > up in the
> > > future. Other architectures can live with that risk as well.
> >
> > To provide a slightly different perspective, arriving at a similar 
> > conclusion...
> >
> > The ISA string is part of the psABI (see
> > https://github.com/riscv-non-isa/riscv-elf-psabi-doc/releases/tag/v1.0)
> > to identify the target architecture through Tag_RISCV_arch.  As such,
> > it already provides an interface that the kernel will have to consume
> > (during process startup) and has to be reasonably stable. The ELF
> > auxiliary vector is closely related to and should generally follow the
> > lead of the psABI definitions (which already use this string), which
> > makes the ISA string a natural encoding for exposing this information
> > to userspace programs.
>
> There were so many breakages due to that tag we just turned it off.

I think it's still the best time to introduce breakage. There would be more
difficulties when more appication-level chips get into market.

> > Cheers,
> > Philipp.
> >
> > > BR
> > > Christoph
> > >
> > > [1] 
> > > https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/ABI/README
> > >
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Vendor-extensions:
> > > > > ------------------
> > > > >
> > > > > Vendor extensions are special in their own right.
> > > > > Userspace probably will want to know about them, but we as the 
> > > kernel
> > > > > don't want to care about them too much (except as errata), as 
> > > they're
> > > > > not part of the official RISC-V ISA spec.
> > > > >
> > > > > Getting vendor extensions from the dt to userspace via hwprobe 
> > > would
> > > > > require coordination efforts and as vendors have the tendency to 
> > > invent
> > > > > things during their development process before trying to submit 
> > > changes
> > > > > upstream this likely would result in conflicts with assigned ids 
> > > down
> > > > > the road. Which in turn then may create compatibility-issues with
> > > > > userspace builds built on top of the mainline kernel or a pre-
> > > > > existing vendor kernel.
> > > > >
> > > > > The special case also is that vendor A could in theory implement an
> > > > > extension from vendor B. So this would require to actually assign
> > > > > separate hwprobe keys to vendors (key for xthead extensions, key 
> > > for
> > > > > xventana extensions, etc). This in turn would require vendors to
> > > > > come to the mainline kernel to get assigned a key (which in reality
> > > > > probably won't happen), which would then make the kernel community
> > > > > sort of an id authority.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > To address these, the attached patch series adds a second interface
> > > > > for the common case and "just" exposes the isa-string via the
> > > > > AT_BASE_PLATFORM aux vector.
> > > > >
> > > > > In the total cost of program start, parsing the string does not 
> > > create
> > > > > too much overhead. The extension list in the kernel already 
> > > contains
> > > > > the extensions list limited to the ones available on all harts and
> > > > > the string form allows us to just pipe through additional stuff 
> > > too, as
> > > > > can be seen in the example for T-Head extensions [2] .
> > > > >
> > > > > This of course does not handle the microarchitecture things that
> > > > > the hwprobe syscall provides but allows a more generalized view
> > > > > onto the available ISA extensions, so is not intended to replace
> > > > > hwprobe, but to supplement it.
> > > > >
> > > > > AT_BASE_PLATFORM itself is somewhat well established, with PPC 
> > > already
> > > > > using it to also expose a platform-specific string that identifies
> > > > > the platform in finer grain so this aux-vector field could in 
> > > theory
> > > > > be used by other OSes as well.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > A random riscv64-qemu could for example provide:
> > > > > rv64imafdcvh_zicbom_zihintpause_zbb_sscofpmf_sstc_svpbmt
> > > > >
> > > > > where a d1-nezha provides:
> > > > > 
> > > rv64imafdc_xtheadba_xtheadbb_xtheadbs_xtheadcmo_xtheadcondmov_xtheadfmemidx_xtheadint_xtheadmac_xtheadmemidx_xtheadmempair_xtheadsync
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Things to still consider:
> > > > > -------------------------
> > > > >
> > > > > Right now both hwprobe and this approach will only pass through
> > > > > extensions the kernel actually knows about itself. This should not
> > > > > necessarily be needed (but could be an optional feature for e.g. 
> > > virtualization).
> > > > >
> > > > > Most extensions don’t introduce new user-mode state that the 
> > > kernel needs to manage (e.g. new registers). Extension that do 
> > > introduce new user-mode state are usually disabled by default and 
> > > have to be enabled by S mode or M mode (e.g. FS[1:0] for the 
> > > floating-point extension). So there should not be a reason to filter 
> > > any extensions that are unknown.
> > > > >
> > > > > So it might make more sense to just pass through a curated list 
> > > (common
> > > > > set) created from the core's isa strings and remove state-handling
> > > > > extensions when they are not enabled in the kernel-side (sort of
> > > > > blacklisting extensions that need actual kernel support).
> > > > >
> > > > > However, this is a very related, but still independent discussion.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > [0] 
> > > https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/168191462224.22791.2281450562691381145.git-patchwork-notify@xxxxxxxxxx/
> > > > > [1] 
> > > https://lore.kernel.org/all/605fb2fd-bda2-4922-92bf-e3e416d54398@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/
> > > > > [2] These are the T-Head extensions available in _upstream_ 
> > > toolchains
> > > > >
> > > > > Heiko Stuebner (4):
> > > > >   RISC-V: create ISA string separately - not as part of cpuinfo
> > > > >   RISC-V: don't parse dt isa string to get rv32/rv64
> > > > >   RISC-V: export the ISA string of the running machine in the 
> > > aux vector
> > > > >   RISC-V: add support for vendor-extensions via AT_BASE_PLATFORM 
> > > and
> > > > >     xthead
> > > > >
> > > > >  arch/riscv/errata/thead/errata.c     | 43 ++++++++++++
> > > > >  arch/riscv/include/asm/alternative.h |  4 ++
> > > > >  arch/riscv/include/asm/elf.h         | 10 +++
> > > > >  arch/riscv/kernel/alternative.c      | 21 ++++++
> > > > >  arch/riscv/kernel/cpu.c              | 98 
> > > +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
> > > > >  5 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
>
> From mboxrd@z Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970
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> Subject: Re: [PATCH 0/4] Expose the isa-string via the 
> AT_BASE_PLATFORM aux vector
> In-Reply-To: 
> <CAAeLtUCirBPHS+8qbeNy+4W=dzR_My58xxFMUnObRRwp=XXbsQ@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> CC: christoph.muellner@xxxxxxxx, heiko@xxxxxxxxx, 
> linux-riscv@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx,
>  Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@xxxxxxxxxx>, kito.cheng@xxxxxxxxxx, 
> jrtc27@xxxxxxxxxx,
>  Conor Dooley <conor.dooley@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>, matthias.bgg@xxxxxxxxx, 
> heinrich.schuchardt@xxxxxxxxxxxxx,
>  greentime.hu@xxxxxxxxxx, nick.knight@xxxxxxxxxx, Richard Henderson 
> <richard.henderson@xxxxxxxxxx>,
>  Arnd Bergmann <arnd@xxxxxxxx>, linux-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, 
> heiko.stuebner@xxxxxxxx
> From: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@xxxxxxxxxxx>
> To: philipp.tomsich@xxxxxxxx
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