[PATCH 2/4] Documentation/atomic_ops.txt: convert to ReST markup
From: Silvio Fricke
Date: Thu Nov 24 2016 - 07:43:51 EST
... and move to core-api folder.
Signed-off-by: Silvio Fricke <silvio.fricke@xxxxxxxxx>
---
Documentation/atomic_ops.txt | 640 +-----------
Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst | 669 +++++++++++-
Documentation/core-api/index.rst | 1 +-
Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst | 3 +-
4 files changed, 673 insertions(+), 640 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
create mode 100644 Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c5e8a9..0000000
--- a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,640 +0,0 @@
- Semantics and Behavior of Atomic and
- Bitmask Operations
-
- David S. Miller
-
- This document is intended to serve as a guide to Linux port
-maintainers on how to implement atomic counter, bitops, and spinlock
-interfaces properly.
-
- The atomic_t type should be defined as a signed integer and
-the atomic_long_t type as a signed long integer. Also, they should
-be made opaque such that any kind of cast to a normal C integer type
-will fail. Something like the following should suffice:
-
- typedef struct { int counter; } atomic_t;
- typedef struct { long counter; } atomic_long_t;
-
-Historically, counter has been declared volatile. This is now discouraged.
-See Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst for the complete rationale.
-
-local_t is very similar to atomic_t. If the counter is per CPU and only
-updated by one CPU, local_t is probably more appropriate. Please see
-Documentation/local_ops.txt for the semantics of local_t.
-
-The first operations to implement for atomic_t's are the initializers and
-plain reads.
-
- #define ATOMIC_INIT(i) { (i) }
- #define atomic_set(v, i) ((v)->counter = (i))
-
-The first macro is used in definitions, such as:
-
-static atomic_t my_counter = ATOMIC_INIT(1);
-
-The initializer is atomic in that the return values of the atomic operations
-are guaranteed to be correct reflecting the initialized value if the
-initializer is used before runtime. If the initializer is used at runtime, a
-proper implicit or explicit read memory barrier is needed before reading the
-value with atomic_read from another thread.
-
-As with all of the atomic_ interfaces, replace the leading "atomic_"
-with "atomic_long_" to operate on atomic_long_t.
-
-The second interface can be used at runtime, as in:
-
- struct foo { atomic_t counter; };
- ...
-
- struct foo *k;
-
- k = kmalloc(sizeof(*k), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!k)
- return -ENOMEM;
- atomic_set(&k->counter, 0);
-
-The setting is atomic in that the return values of the atomic operations by
-all threads are guaranteed to be correct reflecting either the value that has
-been set with this operation or set with another operation. A proper implicit
-or explicit memory barrier is needed before the value set with the operation
-is guaranteed to be readable with atomic_read from another thread.
-
-Next, we have:
-
- #define atomic_read(v) ((v)->counter)
-
-which simply reads the counter value currently visible to the calling thread.
-The read is atomic in that the return value is guaranteed to be one of the
-values initialized or modified with the interface operations if a proper
-implicit or explicit memory barrier is used after possible runtime
-initialization by any other thread and the value is modified only with the
-interface operations. atomic_read does not guarantee that the runtime
-initialization by any other thread is visible yet, so the user of the
-interface must take care of that with a proper implicit or explicit memory
-barrier.
-
-*** WARNING: atomic_read() and atomic_set() DO NOT IMPLY BARRIERS! ***
-
-Some architectures may choose to use the volatile keyword, barriers, or inline
-assembly to guarantee some degree of immediacy for atomic_read() and
-atomic_set(). This is not uniformly guaranteed, and may change in the future,
-so all users of atomic_t should treat atomic_read() and atomic_set() as simple
-C statements that may be reordered or optimized away entirely by the compiler
-or processor, and explicitly invoke the appropriate compiler and/or memory
-barrier for each use case. Failure to do so will result in code that may
-suddenly break when used with different architectures or compiler
-optimizations, or even changes in unrelated code which changes how the
-compiler optimizes the section accessing atomic_t variables.
-
-*** YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED! ***
-
-Properly aligned pointers, longs, ints, and chars (and unsigned
-equivalents) may be atomically loaded from and stored to in the same
-sense as described for atomic_read() and atomic_set(). The READ_ONCE()
-and WRITE_ONCE() macros should be used to prevent the compiler from using
-optimizations that might otherwise optimize accesses out of existence on
-the one hand, or that might create unsolicited accesses on the other.
-
-For example consider the following code:
-
- while (a > 0)
- do_something();
-
-If the compiler can prove that do_something() does not store to the
-variable a, then the compiler is within its rights transforming this to
-the following:
-
- tmp = a;
- if (a > 0)
- for (;;)
- do_something();
-
-If you don't want the compiler to do this (and you probably don't), then
-you should use something like the following:
-
- while (READ_ONCE(a) < 0)
- do_something();
-
-Alternatively, you could place a barrier() call in the loop.
-
-For another example, consider the following code:
-
- tmp_a = a;
- do_something_with(tmp_a);
- do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
-
-If the compiler can prove that do_something_with() does not store to the
-variable a, then the compiler is within its rights to manufacture an
-additional load as follows:
-
- tmp_a = a;
- do_something_with(tmp_a);
- tmp_a = a;
- do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
-
-This could fatally confuse your code if it expected the same value
-to be passed to do_something_with() and do_something_else_with().
-
-The compiler would be likely to manufacture this additional load if
-do_something_with() was an inline function that made very heavy use
-of registers: reloading from variable a could save a flush to the
-stack and later reload. To prevent the compiler from attacking your
-code in this manner, write the following:
-
- tmp_a = READ_ONCE(a);
- do_something_with(tmp_a);
- do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
-
-For a final example, consider the following code, assuming that the
-variable a is set at boot time before the second CPU is brought online
-and never changed later, so that memory barriers are not needed:
-
- if (a)
- b = 9;
- else
- b = 42;
-
-The compiler is within its rights to manufacture an additional store
-by transforming the above code into the following:
-
- b = 42;
- if (a)
- b = 9;
-
-This could come as a fatal surprise to other code running concurrently
-that expected b to never have the value 42 if a was zero. To prevent
-the compiler from doing this, write something like:
-
- if (a)
- WRITE_ONCE(b, 9);
- else
- WRITE_ONCE(b, 42);
-
-Don't even -think- about doing this without proper use of memory barriers,
-locks, or atomic operations if variable a can change at runtime!
-
-*** WARNING: READ_ONCE() OR WRITE_ONCE() DO NOT IMPLY A BARRIER! ***
-
-Now, we move onto the atomic operation interfaces typically implemented with
-the help of assembly code.
-
- void atomic_add(int i, atomic_t *v);
- void atomic_sub(int i, atomic_t *v);
- void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v);
- void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v);
-
-These four routines add and subtract integral values to/from the given
-atomic_t value. The first two routines pass explicit integers by
-which to make the adjustment, whereas the latter two use an implicit
-adjustment value of "1".
-
-One very important aspect of these two routines is that they DO NOT
-require any explicit memory barriers. They need only perform the
-atomic_t counter update in an SMP safe manner.
-
-Next, we have:
-
- int atomic_inc_return(atomic_t *v);
- int atomic_dec_return(atomic_t *v);
-
-These routines add 1 and subtract 1, respectively, from the given
-atomic_t and return the new counter value after the operation is
-performed.
-
-Unlike the above routines, it is required that these primitives
-include explicit memory barriers that are performed before and after
-the operation. It must be done such that all memory operations before
-and after the atomic operation calls are strongly ordered with respect
-to the atomic operation itself.
-
-For example, it should behave as if a smp_mb() call existed both
-before and after the atomic operation.
-
-If the atomic instructions used in an implementation provide explicit
-memory barrier semantics which satisfy the above requirements, that is
-fine as well.
-
-Let's move on:
-
- int atomic_add_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
- int atomic_sub_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
-
-These behave just like atomic_{inc,dec}_return() except that an
-explicit counter adjustment is given instead of the implicit "1".
-This means that like atomic_{inc,dec}_return(), the memory barrier
-semantics are required.
-
-Next:
-
- int atomic_inc_and_test(atomic_t *v);
- int atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_t *v);
-
-These two routines increment and decrement by 1, respectively, the
-given atomic counter. They return a boolean indicating whether the
-resulting counter value was zero or not.
-
-Again, these primitives provide explicit memory barrier semantics around
-the atomic operation.
-
- int atomic_sub_and_test(int i, atomic_t *v);
-
-This is identical to atomic_dec_and_test() except that an explicit
-decrement is given instead of the implicit "1". This primitive must
-provide explicit memory barrier semantics around the operation.
-
- int atomic_add_negative(int i, atomic_t *v);
-
-The given increment is added to the given atomic counter value. A boolean
-is return which indicates whether the resulting counter value is negative.
-This primitive must provide explicit memory barrier semantics around
-the operation.
-
-Then:
-
- int atomic_xchg(atomic_t *v, int new);
-
-This performs an atomic exchange operation on the atomic variable v, setting
-the given new value. It returns the old value that the atomic variable v had
-just before the operation.
-
-atomic_xchg must provide explicit memory barriers around the operation.
-
- int atomic_cmpxchg(atomic_t *v, int old, int new);
-
-This performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the atomic value v,
-with the given old and new values. Like all atomic_xxx operations,
-atomic_cmpxchg will only satisfy its atomicity semantics as long as all
-other accesses of *v are performed through atomic_xxx operations.
-
-atomic_cmpxchg must provide explicit memory barriers around the operation,
-although if the comparison fails then no memory ordering guarantees are
-required.
-
-The semantics for atomic_cmpxchg are the same as those defined for 'cas'
-below.
-
-Finally:
-
- int atomic_add_unless(atomic_t *v, int a, int u);
-
-If the atomic value v is not equal to u, this function adds a to v, and
-returns non zero. If v is equal to u then it returns zero. This is done as
-an atomic operation.
-
-atomic_add_unless must provide explicit memory barriers around the
-operation unless it fails (returns 0).
-
-atomic_inc_not_zero, equivalent to atomic_add_unless(v, 1, 0)
-
-
-If a caller requires memory barrier semantics around an atomic_t
-operation which does not return a value, a set of interfaces are
-defined which accomplish this:
-
- void smp_mb__before_atomic(void);
- void smp_mb__after_atomic(void);
-
-For example, smp_mb__before_atomic() can be used like so:
-
- obj->dead = 1;
- smp_mb__before_atomic();
- atomic_dec(&obj->ref_count);
-
-It makes sure that all memory operations preceding the atomic_dec()
-call are strongly ordered with respect to the atomic counter
-operation. In the above example, it guarantees that the assignment of
-"1" to obj->dead will be globally visible to other cpus before the
-atomic counter decrement.
-
-Without the explicit smp_mb__before_atomic() call, the
-implementation could legally allow the atomic counter update visible
-to other cpus before the "obj->dead = 1;" assignment.
-
-A missing memory barrier in the cases where they are required by the
-atomic_t implementation above can have disastrous results. Here is
-an example, which follows a pattern occurring frequently in the Linux
-kernel. It is the use of atomic counters to implement reference
-counting, and it works such that once the counter falls to zero it can
-be guaranteed that no other entity can be accessing the object:
-
-static void obj_list_add(struct obj *obj, struct list_head *head)
-{
- obj->active = 1;
- list_add(&obj->list, head);
-}
-
-static void obj_list_del(struct obj *obj)
-{
- list_del(&obj->list);
- obj->active = 0;
-}
-
-static void obj_destroy(struct obj *obj)
-{
- BUG_ON(obj->active);
- kfree(obj);
-}
-
-struct obj *obj_list_peek(struct list_head *head)
-{
- if (!list_empty(head)) {
- struct obj *obj;
-
- obj = list_entry(head->next, struct obj, list);
- atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
- return obj;
- }
- return NULL;
-}
-
-void obj_poke(void)
-{
- struct obj *obj;
-
- spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
- obj = obj_list_peek(&global_list);
- spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
-
- if (obj) {
- obj->ops->poke(obj);
- if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
- obj_destroy(obj);
- }
-}
-
-void obj_timeout(struct obj *obj)
-{
- spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
- obj_list_del(obj);
- spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
-
- if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
- obj_destroy(obj);
-}
-
-(This is a simplification of the ARP queue management in the
- generic neighbour discover code of the networking. Olaf Kirch
- found a bug wrt. memory barriers in kfree_skb() that exposed
- the atomic_t memory barrier requirements quite clearly.)
-
-Given the above scheme, it must be the case that the obj->active
-update done by the obj list deletion be visible to other processors
-before the atomic counter decrement is performed.
-
-Otherwise, the counter could fall to zero, yet obj->active would still
-be set, thus triggering the assertion in obj_destroy(). The error
-sequence looks like this:
-
- cpu 0 cpu 1
- obj_poke() obj_timeout()
- obj = obj_list_peek();
- ... gains ref to obj, refcnt=2
- obj_list_del(obj);
- obj->active = 0 ...
- ... visibility delayed ...
- atomic_dec_and_test()
- ... refcnt drops to 1 ...
- atomic_dec_and_test()
- ... refcount drops to 0 ...
- obj_destroy()
- BUG() triggers since obj->active
- still seen as one
- obj->active update visibility occurs
-
-With the memory barrier semantics required of the atomic_t operations
-which return values, the above sequence of memory visibility can never
-happen. Specifically, in the above case the atomic_dec_and_test()
-counter decrement would not become globally visible until the
-obj->active update does.
-
-As a historical note, 32-bit Sparc used to only allow usage of
-24-bits of its atomic_t type. This was because it used 8 bits
-as a spinlock for SMP safety. Sparc32 lacked a "compare and swap"
-type instruction. However, 32-bit Sparc has since been moved over
-to a "hash table of spinlocks" scheme, that allows the full 32-bit
-counter to be realized. Essentially, an array of spinlocks are
-indexed into based upon the address of the atomic_t being operated
-on, and that lock protects the atomic operation. Parisc uses the
-same scheme.
-
-Another note is that the atomic_t operations returning values are
-extremely slow on an old 386.
-
-We will now cover the atomic bitmask operations. You will find that
-their SMP and memory barrier semantics are similar in shape and scope
-to the atomic_t ops above.
-
-Native atomic bit operations are defined to operate on objects aligned
-to the size of an "unsigned long" C data type, and are least of that
-size. The endianness of the bits within each "unsigned long" are the
-native endianness of the cpu.
-
- void set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- void clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- void change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
-
-These routines set, clear, and change, respectively, the bit number
-indicated by "nr" on the bit mask pointed to by "ADDR".
-
-They must execute atomically, yet there are no implicit memory barrier
-semantics required of these interfaces.
-
- int test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- int test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- int test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
-
-Like the above, except that these routines return a boolean which
-indicates whether the changed bit was set _BEFORE_ the atomic bit
-operation.
-
-WARNING! It is incredibly important that the value be a boolean,
-ie. "0" or "1". Do not try to be fancy and save a few instructions by
-declaring the above to return "long" and just returning something like
-"old_val & mask" because that will not work.
-
-For one thing, this return value gets truncated to int in many code
-paths using these interfaces, so on 64-bit if the bit is set in the
-upper 32-bits then testers will never see that.
-
-One great example of where this problem crops up are the thread_info
-flag operations. Routines such as test_and_set_ti_thread_flag() chop
-the return value into an int. There are other places where things
-like this occur as well.
-
-These routines, like the atomic_t counter operations returning values,
-must provide explicit memory barrier semantics around their execution.
-All memory operations before the atomic bit operation call must be
-made visible globally before the atomic bit operation is made visible.
-Likewise, the atomic bit operation must be visible globally before any
-subsequent memory operation is made visible. For example:
-
- obj->dead = 1;
- if (test_and_set_bit(0, &obj->flags))
- /* ... */;
- obj->killed = 1;
-
-The implementation of test_and_set_bit() must guarantee that
-"obj->dead = 1;" is visible to cpus before the atomic memory operation
-done by test_and_set_bit() becomes visible. Likewise, the atomic
-memory operation done by test_and_set_bit() must become visible before
-"obj->killed = 1;" is visible.
-
-Finally there is the basic operation:
-
- int test_bit(unsigned long nr, __const__ volatile unsigned long *addr);
-
-Which returns a boolean indicating if bit "nr" is set in the bitmask
-pointed to by "addr".
-
-If explicit memory barriers are required around {set,clear}_bit() (which do
-not return a value, and thus does not need to provide memory barrier
-semantics), two interfaces are provided:
-
- void smp_mb__before_atomic(void);
- void smp_mb__after_atomic(void);
-
-They are used as follows, and are akin to their atomic_t operation
-brothers:
-
- /* All memory operations before this call will
- * be globally visible before the clear_bit().
- */
- smp_mb__before_atomic();
- clear_bit( ... );
-
- /* The clear_bit() will be visible before all
- * subsequent memory operations.
- */
- smp_mb__after_atomic();
-
-There are two special bitops with lock barrier semantics (acquire/release,
-same as spinlocks). These operate in the same way as their non-_lock/unlock
-postfixed variants, except that they are to provide acquire/release semantics,
-respectively. This means they can be used for bit_spin_trylock and
-bit_spin_unlock type operations without specifying any more barriers.
-
- int test_and_set_bit_lock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
- void clear_bit_unlock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
- void __clear_bit_unlock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
-
-The __clear_bit_unlock version is non-atomic, however it still implements
-unlock barrier semantics. This can be useful if the lock itself is protecting
-the other bits in the word.
-
-Finally, there are non-atomic versions of the bitmask operations
-provided. They are used in contexts where some other higher-level SMP
-locking scheme is being used to protect the bitmask, and thus less
-expensive non-atomic operations may be used in the implementation.
-They have names similar to the above bitmask operation interfaces,
-except that two underscores are prefixed to the interface name.
-
- void __set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- void __clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- void __change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- int __test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- int __test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
- int __test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
-
-These non-atomic variants also do not require any special memory
-barrier semantics.
-
-The routines xchg() and cmpxchg() must provide the same exact
-memory-barrier semantics as the atomic and bit operations returning
-values.
-
-Note: If someone wants to use xchg(), cmpxchg() and their variants,
-linux/atomic.h should be included rather than asm/cmpxchg.h, unless
-the code is in arch/* and can take care of itself.
-
-Spinlocks and rwlocks have memory barrier expectations as well.
-The rule to follow is simple:
-
-1) When acquiring a lock, the implementation must make it globally
- visible before any subsequent memory operation.
-
-2) When releasing a lock, the implementation must make it such that
- all previous memory operations are globally visible before the
- lock release.
-
-Which finally brings us to _atomic_dec_and_lock(). There is an
-architecture-neutral version implemented in lib/dec_and_lock.c,
-but most platforms will wish to optimize this in assembler.
-
- int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock);
-
-Atomically decrement the given counter, and if will drop to zero
-atomically acquire the given spinlock and perform the decrement
-of the counter to zero. If it does not drop to zero, do nothing
-with the spinlock.
-
-It is actually pretty simple to get the memory barrier correct.
-Simply satisfy the spinlock grab requirements, which is make
-sure the spinlock operation is globally visible before any
-subsequent memory operation.
-
-We can demonstrate this operation more clearly if we define
-an abstract atomic operation:
-
- long cas(long *mem, long old, long new);
-
-"cas" stands for "compare and swap". It atomically:
-
-1) Compares "old" with the value currently at "mem".
-2) If they are equal, "new" is written to "mem".
-3) Regardless, the current value at "mem" is returned.
-
-As an example usage, here is what an atomic counter update
-might look like:
-
-void example_atomic_inc(long *counter)
-{
- long old, new, ret;
-
- while (1) {
- old = *counter;
- new = old + 1;
-
- ret = cas(counter, old, new);
- if (ret == old)
- break;
- }
-}
-
-Let's use cas() in order to build a pseudo-C atomic_dec_and_lock():
-
-int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock)
-{
- long old, new, ret;
- int went_to_zero;
-
- went_to_zero = 0;
- while (1) {
- old = atomic_read(atomic);
- new = old - 1;
- if (new == 0) {
- went_to_zero = 1;
- spin_lock(lock);
- }
- ret = cas(atomic, old, new);
- if (ret == old)
- break;
- if (went_to_zero) {
- spin_unlock(lock);
- went_to_zero = 0;
- }
- }
-
- return went_to_zero;
-}
-
-Now, as far as memory barriers go, as long as spin_lock()
-strictly orders all subsequent memory operations (including
-the cas()) with respect to itself, things will be fine.
-
-Said another way, _atomic_dec_and_lock() must guarantee that
-a counter dropping to zero is never made visible before the
-spinlock being acquired.
-
-Note that this also means that for the case where the counter
-is not dropping to zero, there are no memory ordering
-requirements.
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst b/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ac94ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+=======================================================
+Semantics and Behavior of Atomic and Bitmask Operations
+=======================================================
+
+:Author: David S. Miller
+
+This document is intended to serve as a guide to Linux port
+maintainers on how to implement atomic counter, bitops, and spinlock
+interfaces properly.
+
+Atomic Type And Operations
+==========================
+
+The ``atomic_t type`` should be defined as a signed integer and
+the ``atomic_long_t`` type as a signed long integer. Also, they should
+be made opaque such that any kind of cast to a normal C integer type
+will fail. Something like the following should suffice::
+
+ typedef struct { int counter; } atomic_t;
+ typedef struct { long counter; } atomic_long_t;
+
+Historically, counter has been declared volatile. This is now discouraged.
+See :ref:`Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst
+<volatile_considered_harmful>` for the complete rationale.
+
+``local_t`` is very similar to ``atomic_t``. If the counter is per CPU and only
+updated by one CPU, ``local_t`` is probably more appropriate. Please see
+:ref:`Documentation/local_ops.txt <local_ops>` for the semantics of ``local_t``.
+
+The first operations to implement for ``atomic_t``'s are the initializers and
+plain reads. ::
+
+ #define ATOMIC_INIT(i) { (i) }
+ #define atomic_set(v, i) ((v)->counter = (i))
+
+The first macro is used in definitions, such as::
+
+ static atomic_t my_counter = ATOMIC_INIT(1);
+
+The initializer is atomic in that the return values of the atomic operations
+are guaranteed to be correct reflecting the initialized value if the
+initializer is used before runtime. If the initializer is used at runtime, a
+proper implicit or explicit read memory barrier is needed before reading the
+value with ``atomic_read`` from another thread.
+
+As with all of the ``atomic_`` interfaces, replace the leading ``atomic_``
+with ``atomic_long_`` to operate on ``atomic_long_t``.
+
+The second interface can be used at runtime, as in::
+
+ struct foo { atomic_t counter; };
+ ...
+
+ struct foo *k;
+
+ k = kmalloc(sizeof(*k), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!k)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ atomic_set(&k->counter, 0);
+
+The setting is atomic in that the return values of the atomic operations by
+all threads are guaranteed to be correct reflecting either the value that has
+been set with this operation or set with another operation. A proper implicit
+or explicit memory barrier is needed before the value set with the operation
+is guaranteed to be readable with ``atomic_read`` from another thread.
+
+Next, we have::
+
+ #define atomic_read(v) ((v)->counter)
+
+which simply reads the counter value currently visible to the calling thread.
+The read is atomic in that the return value is guaranteed to be one of the
+values initialized or modified with the interface operations if a proper
+implicit or explicit memory barrier is used after possible runtime
+initialization by any other thread and the value is modified only with the
+interface operations. ``atomic_read`` does not guarantee that the runtime
+initialization by any other thread is visible yet, so the user of the
+interface must take care of that with a proper implicit or explicit memory
+barrier.
+
+.. warning::
+
+ ``atomic_read()`` and ``atomic_set()`` DO NOT IMPLY BARRIERS!
+
+ Some architectures may choose to use the ``volatile`` keyword, barriers, or
+ ``inline`` assembly to guarantee some degree of immediacy for ``atomic_read()``
+ and ``atomic_set()``. This is not uniformly guaranteed, and may change in the
+ future, so all users of ``atomic_t`` should treat ``atomic_read()`` and
+ ``atomic_set()`` as simple C statements that may be reordered or optimized away
+ entirely by the compiler or processor, and explicitly invoke the appropriate
+ compiler and/or memory barrier for each use case. Failure to do so will result
+ in code that may suddenly break when used with different architectures or
+ compiler optimizations, or even changes in unrelated code which changes how the
+ compiler optimizes the section accessing ``atomic_t`` variables.
+
+Properly aligned pointers, longs, ints, and chars (and unsigned
+equivalents) may be atomically loaded from and stored to in the same
+sense as described for ``atomic_read()`` and ``atomic_set()``. The
+``READ_ONCE()`` and ``WRITE_ONCE()`` macros should be used to prevent the
+compiler from using optimizations that might otherwise optimize accesses out of
+existence on the one hand, or that might create unsolicited accesses on the
+other.
+
+For example consider the following code::
+
+ while (a > 0)
+ do_something();
+
+If the compiler can prove that ``do_something()`` does not store to the
+variable a, then the compiler is within its rights transforming this to
+the following::
+
+ tmp = a;
+ if (a > 0)
+ for (;;)
+ do_something();
+
+If you don't want the compiler to do this (and you probably don't), then
+you should use something like the following::
+
+ while (READ_ONCE(a) < 0)
+ do_something();
+
+Alternatively, you could place a ``barrier()`` call in the loop.
+
+For another example, consider the following code::
+
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+If the compiler can prove that ``do_something_with()`` does not store to the
+variable ``a``, then the compiler is within its rights to manufacture an
+additional load as follows::
+
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ tmp_a = a;
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+This could fatally confuse your code if it expected the same value
+to be passed to ``do_something_with()`` and ``do_something_else_with()``.
+
+The compiler would be likely to manufacture this additional load if
+``do_something_with()`` was an inline function that made very heavy use
+of registers: reloading from variable a could save a flush to the
+stack and later reload. To prevent the compiler from attacking your
+code in this manner, write the following::
+
+ tmp_a = READ_ONCE(a);
+ do_something_with(tmp_a);
+ do_something_else_with(tmp_a);
+
+For a final example, consider the following code, assuming that the
+variable ``a`` is set at boot time before the second CPU is brought online
+and never changed later, so that memory barriers are not needed::
+
+ if (a)
+ b = 9;
+ else
+ b = 42;
+
+The compiler is within its rights to manufacture an additional store
+by transforming the above code into the following::
+
+ b = 42;
+ if (a)
+ b = 9;
+
+This could come as a fatal surprise to other code running concurrently
+that expected ``b`` to never have the value ``42`` if ``a`` was zero. To
+prevent the compiler from doing this, write something like::
+
+ if (a)
+ WRITE_ONCE(b, 9);
+ else
+ WRITE_ONCE(b, 42);
+
+Don't even **think** about doing this without proper use of memory barriers,
+locks, or atomic operations if variable ``a`` can change at runtime!
+
+.. warning::
+
+ ``READ_ONCE()`` OR ``WRITE_ONCE()`` DO NOT IMPLY A BARRIER!
+
+Now, we move onto the atomic operation interfaces typically implemented with
+the help of assembly code. ::
+
+ void atomic_add(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_sub(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v);
+ void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v);
+
+These four routines add and subtract integral values to/from the given
+``atomic_t`` value. The first two routines pass explicit integers by
+which to make the adjustment, whereas the latter two use an implicit
+adjustment value of "1".
+
+One very important aspect of these two routines is that they **DO NOT**
+require any explicit memory barriers. They need only perform the
+``atomic_t`` counter update in an SMP safe manner.
+
+Next, we have::
+
+ int atomic_inc_return(atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_dec_return(atomic_t *v);
+
+These routines add 1 and subtract 1, respectively, from the given
+``atomic_t`` and return the new counter value after the operation is
+performed.
+
+Unlike the above routines, it is required that these primitives
+include explicit memory barriers that are performed before and after
+the operation. It must be done such that all memory operations before
+and after the atomic operation calls are strongly ordered with respect
+to the atomic operation itself.
+
+For example, it should behave as if a ``smp_mb()`` call existed both
+before and after the atomic operation.
+
+If the atomic instructions used in an implementation provide explicit
+memory barrier semantics which satisfy the above requirements, that is
+fine as well.
+
+Let's move on::
+
+ int atomic_add_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_sub_return(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+These behave just like ``atomic_{inc,dec}_return()`` except that an
+explicit counter adjustment is given instead of the implicit "1".
+This means that like ``atomic_{inc,dec}_return()``, the memory barrier
+semantics are required.
+
+Next::
+
+ int atomic_inc_and_test(atomic_t *v);
+ int atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_t *v);
+
+These two routines increment and decrement by 1, respectively, the
+given atomic counter. They return a boolean indicating whether the
+resulting counter value was zero or not.
+
+Again, these primitives provide explicit memory barrier semantics around
+the atomic operation. ::
+
+ int atomic_sub_and_test(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+This is identical to ``atomic_dec_and_test()`` except that an explicit
+decrement is given instead of the implicit "1". This primitive must
+provide explicit memory barrier semantics around the operation. ::
+
+ int atomic_add_negative(int i, atomic_t *v);
+
+The given increment is added to the given atomic counter value. A boolean
+is return which indicates whether the resulting counter value is negative.
+This primitive must provide explicit memory barrier semantics around
+the operation.
+
+Then::
+
+ int atomic_xchg(atomic_t *v, int new);
+
+This performs an atomic exchange operation on the atomic variable v, setting
+the given new value. It returns the old value that the atomic variable v had
+just before the operation.
+
+``atomic_xchg`` must provide explicit memory barriers around the operation. ::
+
+ int atomic_cmpxchg(atomic_t *v, int old, int new);
+
+This performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the atomic value v,
+with the given old and new values. Like all ``atomic_*`` operations,
+``atomic_cmpxchg`` will only satisfy its atomicity semantics as long as all
+other accesses of ``*v`` are performed through ``atomic_*`` operations.
+
+``atomic_cmpxchg`` must provide explicit memory barriers around the operation,
+although if the comparison fails then no memory ordering guarantees are
+required.
+
+The semantics for ``atomic_cmpxchg`` are the same as those defined for 'cas'
+below.
+
+Finally::
+
+ int atomic_add_unless(atomic_t *v, int a, int u);
+
+If the atomic value v is not equal to u, this function adds a to v, and
+returns non zero. If v is equal to u then it returns zero. This is done as
+an atomic operation.
+
+``atomic_add_unless`` must provide explicit memory barriers around the
+operation unless it fails (returns 0).
+
+``atomic_inc_not_zero``, equivalent to ``atomic_add_unless(v, 1, 0)``
+
+
+If a caller requires memory barrier semantics around an ``atomic_t``
+operation which does not return a value, a set of interfaces are
+defined which accomplish this::
+
+ void smp_mb__before_atomic(void);
+ void smp_mb__after_atomic(void);
+
+For example, ``smp_mb__before_atomic()`` can be used like so::
+
+ obj->dead = 1;
+ smp_mb__before_atomic();
+ atomic_dec(&obj->ref_count);
+
+It makes sure that all memory operations preceding the ``atomic_dec()``
+call are strongly ordered with respect to the atomic counter
+operation. In the above example, it guarantees that the assignment of
+"1" to ``obj->dead`` will be globally visible to other cpus before the
+atomic counter decrement.
+
+Without the explicit ``smp_mb__before_atomic()`` call, the
+implementation could legally allow the atomic counter update visible
+to other cpus before the ``obj->dead = 1;`` assignment.
+
+A missing memory barrier in the cases where they are required by the
+``atomic_t`` implementation above can have disastrous results. Here is
+an example, which follows a pattern occurring frequently in the Linux
+kernel. It is the use of atomic counters to implement reference
+counting, and it works such that once the counter falls to zero it can
+be guaranteed that no other entity can be accessing the object:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ static void obj_list_add(struct obj *obj, struct list_head *head)
+ {
+ obj->active = 1;
+ list_add(&obj->list, head);
+ }
+
+ static void obj_list_del(struct obj *obj)
+ {
+ list_del(&obj->list);
+ obj->active = 0;
+ }
+
+ static void obj_destroy(struct obj *obj)
+ {
+ BUG_ON(obj->active);
+ kfree(obj);
+ }
+
+ struct obj *obj_list_peek(struct list_head *head)
+ {
+ if (!list_empty(head)) {
+ struct obj *obj;
+
+ obj = list_entry(head->next, struct obj, list);
+ atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
+ return obj;
+ }
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
+ void obj_poke(void)
+ {
+ struct obj *obj;
+
+ spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
+ obj = obj_list_peek(&global_list);
+ spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
+
+ if (obj) {
+ obj->ops->poke(obj);
+ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
+ obj_destroy(obj);
+ }
+ }
+
+ void obj_timeout(struct obj *obj)
+ {
+ spin_lock(&global_list_lock);
+ obj_list_del(obj);
+ spin_unlock(&global_list_lock);
+
+ if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
+ obj_destroy(obj);
+ }
+
+.. note:
+
+ This is a simplification of the ARP queue management in the
+ generic neighbour discover code of the networking. Olaf Kirch
+ found a bug wrt. memory barriers in kfree_skb() that exposed
+ the atomic_t memory barrier requirements quite clearly.
+
+Given the above scheme, it must be the case that the ``obj->active``
+update done by the obj list deletion be visible to other processors
+before the atomic counter decrement is performed.
+
+Otherwise, the counter could fall to zero, yet ``obj->active`` would still
+be set, thus triggering the assertion in ``obj_destroy()``. The error
+sequence looks like this::
+
+ cpu 0 cpu 1
+ obj_poke() obj_timeout()
+ obj = obj_list_peek();
+ ... gains ref to obj, refcnt=2
+ obj_list_del(obj);
+ obj->active = 0 ...
+ ... visibility delayed ...
+ atomic_dec_and_test()
+ ... refcnt drops to 1 ...
+ atomic_dec_and_test()
+ ... refcount drops to 0 ...
+ obj_destroy()
+ BUG() triggers since obj->active
+ still seen as one
+ obj->active update visibility occurs
+
+With the memory barrier semantics required of the atomic_t operations
+which return values, the above sequence of memory visibility can never
+happen. Specifically, in the above case the ``atomic_dec_and_test()``
+counter decrement would not become globally visible until the
+``obj->active`` update does.
+
+As a historical note, 32-bit Sparc used to only allow usage of
+24-bits of its ``atomic_t`` type. This was because it used 8 bits
+as a spinlock for SMP safety. Sparc32 lacked a "compare and swap"
+type instruction. However, 32-bit Sparc has since been moved over
+to a "hash table of spinlocks" scheme, that allows the full 32-bit
+counter to be realized. Essentially, an array of spinlocks are
+indexed into based upon the address of the ``atomic_t`` being operated
+on, and that lock protects the atomic operation. Parisc uses the
+same scheme.
+
+Another note is that the ``atomic_t`` operations returning values are
+extremely slow on an old 386.
+
+Atomic Bitmask
+==============
+
+We will now cover the atomic bitmask operations. You will find that
+their SMP and memory barrier semantics are similar in shape and scope
+to the ``atomic_t`` ops above.
+
+Native atomic bit operations are defined to operate on objects aligned
+to the size of an ``unsigned long`` C data type, and are least of that
+size. The endianness of the bits within each ``unsigned long`` are the
+native endianness of the cpu. ::
+
+ void set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+These routines set, clear, and change, respectively, the bit number
+indicated by ``nr`` on the bit mask pointed to by ``addr``.
+
+They must execute atomically, yet there are no implicit memory barrier
+semantics required of these interfaces. ::
+
+ int test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+Like the above, except that these routines return a boolean which
+indicates whether the changed bit was set _BEFORE_ the atomic bit
+operation.
+
+.. warning::
+
+ It is incredibly important that the value be a boolean,
+ ie. "0" or "1". Do not try to be fancy and save a few instructions by
+ declaring the above to return "long" and just returning something like
+ "old_val & mask" because that will not work.
+
+ For one thing, this return value gets truncated to int in many code
+ paths using these interfaces, so on 64-bit if the bit is set in the
+ upper 32-bits then testers will never see that.
+
+ One great example of where this problem crops up are the ``thread_info``
+ flag operations. Routines such as ``test_and_set_ti_thread_flag()`` chop
+ the return value into an int. There are other places where things
+ like this occur as well.
+
+These routines, like the ``atomic_t`` counter operations returning values,
+must provide explicit memory barrier semantics around their execution.
+All memory operations before the atomic bit operation call must be
+made visible globally before the atomic bit operation is made visible.
+Likewise, the atomic bit operation must be visible globally before any
+subsequent memory operation is made visible. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ obj->dead = 1;
+ if (test_and_set_bit(0, &obj->flags))
+ /* ... */;
+ obj->killed = 1;
+
+The implementation of ``test_and_set_bit()`` must guarantee that
+``obj->dead = 1;`` is visible to cpus before the atomic memory operation
+done by ``test_and_set_bit()`` becomes visible. Likewise, the atomic
+memory operation done by ``test_and_set_bit()`` must become visible before
+``obj->killed = 1;`` is visible.
+
+Finally there is the basic operation::
+
+ int test_bit(unsigned long nr, __const__ volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+Which returns a boolean indicating if bit ``nr`` is set in the bitmask
+pointed to by ``addr``.
+
+If explicit memory barriers are required around ``{set,clear}_bit()`` (which do
+not return a value, and thus does not need to provide memory barrier
+semantics), two interfaces are provided::
+
+ void smp_mb__before_atomic(void);
+ void smp_mb__after_atomic(void);
+
+They are used as follows, and are akin to their ``atomic_t`` operation
+brothers:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ /* All memory operations before this call will
+ * be globally visible before the clear_bit().
+ */
+ smp_mb__before_atomic();
+ clear_bit( ... );
+
+ /* The clear_bit() will be visible before all
+ * subsequent memory operations.
+ */
+ smp_mb__after_atomic();
+
+There are two special bitops with lock barrier semantics (acquire/release,
+same as spinlocks). These operate in the same way as their non-_lock/unlock
+postfixed variants, except that they are to provide acquire/release semantics,
+respectively. This means they can be used for ``bit_spin_trylock`` and
+``bit_spin_unlock`` type operations without specifying any more barriers. ::
+
+ int test_and_set_bit_lock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
+ void clear_bit_unlock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
+ void __clear_bit_unlock(unsigned long nr, unsigned long *addr);
+
+The ``__clear_bit_unlock`` version is non-atomic, however it still implements
+unlock barrier semantics. This can be useful if the lock itself is protecting
+the other bits in the word.
+
+Finally, there are non-atomic versions of the bitmask operations
+provided. They are used in contexts where some other higher-level SMP
+locking scheme is being used to protect the bitmask, and thus less
+expensive non-atomic operations may be used in the implementation.
+They have names similar to the above bitmask operation interfaces,
+except that two underscores are prefixed to the interface name. ::
+
+ void __set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void __clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ void __change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_set_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_clear_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+ int __test_and_change_bit(unsigned long nr, volatile unsigned long *addr);
+
+These non-atomic variants also do not require any special memory
+barrier semantics.
+
+The routines ``xchg()`` and ``cmpxchg()`` must provide the same exact
+memory-barrier semantics as the atomic and bit operations returning
+values.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If someone wants to use ``xchg()``, ``cmpxchg()`` and their variants,
+ ``linux/atomic.h`` should be included rather than ``asm/cmpxchg.h``, unless
+ the code is in arch/* and can take care of itself.
+
+Spinlocks and rwlocks have memory barrier expectations as well.
+The rule to follow is simple:
+
+1. When acquiring a lock, the implementation must make it globally
+ visible before any subsequent memory operation.
+
+2. When releasing a lock, the implementation must make it such that
+ all previous memory operations are globally visible before the
+ lock release.
+
+Which finally brings us to ``_atomic_dec_and_lock()``. There is an
+architecture-neutral version implemented in ``lib/dec_and_lock.c``,
+but most platforms will wish to optimize this in assembler. ::
+
+ int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock);
+
+Atomically decrement the given counter, and if will drop to zero
+atomically acquire the given spinlock and perform the decrement
+of the counter to zero. If it does not drop to zero, do nothing
+with the spinlock.
+
+It is actually pretty simple to get the memory barrier correct.
+Simply satisfy the spinlock grab requirements, which is make
+sure the spinlock operation is globally visible before any
+subsequent memory operation.
+
+We can demonstrate this operation more clearly if we define
+an abstract atomic operation::
+
+ long cas(long *mem, long old, long new);
+
+"``cas``" stands for "compare and swap". It atomically:
+
+1. Compares "old" with the value currently at "mem".
+2. If they are equal, "new" is written to "mem".
+3. Regardless, the current value at "mem" is returned.
+
+As an example usage, here is what an atomic counter update
+might look like:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ void example_atomic_inc(long *counter)
+ {
+ long old, new, ret;
+
+ while (1) {
+ old = *counter;
+ new = old + 1;
+
+ ret = cas(counter, old, new);
+ if (ret == old)
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+Let's use cas() in order to build a pseudo-C atomic_dec_and_lock():
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock)
+ {
+ long old, new, ret;
+ int went_to_zero;
+
+ went_to_zero = 0;
+ while (1) {
+ old = atomic_read(atomic);
+ new = old - 1;
+ if (new == 0) {
+ went_to_zero = 1;
+ spin_lock(lock);
+ }
+ ret = cas(atomic, old, new);
+ if (ret == old)
+ break;
+ if (went_to_zero) {
+ spin_unlock(lock);
+ went_to_zero = 0;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return went_to_zero;
+ }
+
+Now, as far as memory barriers go, as long as i``spin_lock()``
+strictly orders all subsequent memory operations (including
+the ``cas()``) with respect to itself, things will be fine.
+
+Said another way, ``_atomic_dec_and_lock()`` must guarantee that
+a counter dropping to zero is never made visible before the
+spinlock being acquired.
+
+.. note::
+
+ Note that this also means that for the case where the counter
+ is not dropping to zero, there are no memory ordering
+ requirements.
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
index 480d9a3..f3e5f5e 100644
--- a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Kernel and driver related documentation.
:maxdepth: 1
assoc_array
+ atomic_ops
workqueue
.. only:: subproject
diff --git a/Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst b/Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst
index e0d042a..4934e65 100644
--- a/Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst
+++ b/Documentation/process/volatile-considered-harmful.rst
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+
+.. _volatile_considered_harmful:
+
Why the "volatile" type class should not be used
------------------------------------------------
--
git-series 0.9.1