Re: [RFC PATCH 06/16] arm: topology: Define TC2 sched energy and provide it to scheduler

From: Ingo Molnar
Date: Fri Jun 06 2014 - 08:13:17 EST



* Peter Zijlstra <peterz@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

> > Voltage is combined with frequency, roughly, voltage is
> > proportional to freuquecy, so roughly, power is proportionaly to
> > voltage^3. You
>
> P ~ V^2, last time I checked.

Yes, that's a good approximation for CMOS gates:

The switching power dissipated by a chip using static CMOS gates is
C·V^2·f, where C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle,
V is the supply voltage, and f is the switching frequency,[1] so
this part of the power consumption decreases quadratically with
voltage. The formula is not exact however, as many modern chips are
not implemented using 100% CMOS, but also use special memory
circuits, dynamic logic such as domino logic, etc. Moreover, there
is also a static leakage current, which has become more and more
accentuated as feature sizes have become smaller (below 90
nanometres) and threshold levels lower.

Accordingly, dynamic voltage scaling is widely used as part of
strategies to manage switching power consumption in battery powered
devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. Low voltage modes
are used in conjunction with lowered clock frequencies to minimize
power consumption associated with components such as CPUs and DSPs;
only when significant computational power is needed will the voltage
and frequency be raised.

Some peripherals also support low voltage operational modes. For
example, low power MMC and SD cards can run at 1.8 V as well as at
3.3 V, and driver stacks may conserve power by switching to the
lower voltage after detecting a card which supports it.

When leakage current is a significant factor in terms of power
consumption, chips are often designed so that portions of them can
be powered completely off. This is not usually viewed as being
dynamic voltage scaling, because it is not transparent to software.
When sections of chips can be turned off, as for example on TI OMAP3
processors, drivers and other support software need to support that.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling

Leakage current typically gets higher with higher frequencies, but
it's also highly process dependent AFAIK.

If switching power dissipation is the main factor in power use, then
we can essentially assume that P ~ V^2, at the same frequency - and
scales linearly with frequency - but real work performed also scales
semi-linearly with frequency for many workloads, so that's an
invariant for everything except highly memory bound workloads.

Thanks,

Ingo
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